The Behavioral Perspective Of Human Development - 1327 Words

Human development is a process that occurs throughout the lifespan, and lifespan development theories offer frameworks for which to understand human growth. Different approaches focus on specific aspects of human life to determine which has the most significant influence on development. However, one theory usually does not account for all variables of human growth so more than one perspective may be used to analyze development. Two such perspectives, the behavioral and the contextual, explain development in different ways. The behavioral perspective focuses on observable behavior, while the contextual perspective focuses on interrelated systems that influence development. When applied to the case study in the index, the differences in the behavioral and contextual theories become evident. The Behavioral Perspective The behavioral perspective of development suggests that human development can be understood by observing how people behave in response to environmental stimuli. This theory denies distinct universal stages in development and insists that environmental factors influence how a person will change and adapt in their society. From this perspective, people will have positive developmental experiences if they grow up in a nurturing environment. B.F. Skinner introduced the operant conditioning theory which asserts that children develop in response to reinforcement or punishment (Feldman Landry, 2014, p. 15). Reinforcement increases the likelihood of someoneShow MoreRelatedStructuralism And The Development Of Psychology874 Words   |  4 PagesBy studying our behavior the development of psychology has developed over time 2.a) structuralism- early school of psychology that used introspection to study the structure of the human mind (Edward B. 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It is the branch of psychology that emphasizes on the assessment and treatment of mental illness, abnormal behavior, and psychiatric problems of a person. In this field, you get to correlate with complex human problems. Dealing with mental illness can specify even to psychological disorders, which are a â€Å"harmful dysfunction† in which behavior is judged to be: atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable (Fahoum, 2017). Psycholog ical disorders can be broken downRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1300 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology There are six modern psychological perspectives. These perspectives are behavioral, psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, social, cultural, and biological. Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining human behavior. I think that really explains the complex mental processes and behavior, and each prospective study should not be limited to just one. 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Each perspective has its own unique way of explaining the human behavior. I believe to truly explain the complex mental processes and behavior, each perspective must be examined and not limited to just one. The following is my explanation and comparisons between two of these perspectives: psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives pertaining to the articleRead MoreHistory of Counseling Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ History of Counseling Lead to Multidisciplinary Teams COUN5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors History of Counseling Leading to Multidisciplinary Teams Counseling is a relatively new profession which has transformed over time from treating mental illnesses to providing educational guidance to counseling with a variety of specializations. Pistole summarizes by stating that counselors, now, aim to, â€Å"contribute to the vitality and vigor andRead MoreTheoretical Perspective As A Professional School Counselor1452 Words   |  6 PagesTheoretical Orientation Paper: Theoretical Perspective as a Professional School Counselor Introduction As a counselor, being aware of the theoretical approaches and which ones best suit your perspective on human nature, complications, and change for an individual is vital. Not only is understanding the approaches important, but the counselor’s own values and personal philosophy are equally fundamental for the counselor to do their job efficiently. 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Each study focused on a different age and aspect of an individual’s surroundings. Article one â€Å"Infant Development Outcomes: A Family Systems Perspective† focused on the early stages of infancy; birth to seventeen months, and the effects of the individual mental status

The Return of Martin Guerre Free Essays

The film The Return of Martin Guerre is based on a true story about a young man, Martin Guerre, during the mid-16th century. It takes place in a small peasant town, Artigat, located in southwestern France. Martin is married off at a young age but is unhappy with his life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return of Martin Guerre or any similar topic only for you Order Now He decides to abandon his family and join the army. After several years gone, he finally returns to the village. The village is ecstatic of his return, especially his wife Bertrande. However after a disagreement with his uncle over land, the village begins to question whether his is truly Martin Guerre. Their skepticism proves to be accurate when finally the real Martin Guerre returns. The fake Martin, known as â€Å"Pansette† is then executed for his crime. This film illustrates the concerns and lives of the people in 16th century France, through the interplay of social, religious and political institutions. In the film, we see marriage being treated as a social matter, rather than a religious matter. During the 16th century, marriage began to be treated as secular, instead of a sacrament. Because of this parents’ control over whom their children married began to increase (Western Civilizations, 357). At a young age, Martin’s family married him off to Bertrande de Rols. Bertrande belonged to a well-off peasant family. Bertrande was chosen by Martin’s family based on what her family could offer to Martin. Her dowry included a bed, linen sheets, wool and a vineyard, among other items of value. Because marriage involved the inheritance of property, most believed it was too important of a matter to be left in the hands of the children (357). Once Martin’s father passed, Martin would inherit his family’s land. During the 16th century was the father’s role to instruct and discipline his household, while the woman was to tend to and show obedience to her husband, and also to bear children (Western Civilizations, 357). After the marriage, Bertrande moved in with Martin and his family. Martin worked underneath his father and learned from him. However soon into the marriage, it was discovered that Martin could not consummate his marriage and therefore the family did not have children. In the film, we see how infertility was dealt with socially and religiously during this time. The village poked fun at Martin’s infertility during a festival. During the 16th century, festivals served a social function. Usually they were used for celebration and demonstration of solidarity. However, like in this case, festivals were used as competition between classes and were incredibly violent (Wahl, â€Å"Festivals† notes). During a Candlemas festival, a â€Å"symbolic castration† took place. Martin was dressed up as a bear. The villagers pretended to hunt him and cut off what symbolized his genitals. Bertrande claimed that he had been put under a spell and a Catholic exorcism is performed. Both Martin and Bertrande are tied to a post naked, while the Priest performs rituals. After this, Bertrande becomes pregnant with their son, Sanxi. Though his infertility was reversed and his son was born, Martin was unhappy with his life. He did not like farming and kept to himself. After an argument with his father over stolen grain, Martin leaves during the night and does not return for several years. During this time, Martin’s father passes. In the 16th century, when a father dies the estate is given to the eldest son. In this case, it was Martin. However, because Martin is not around, Martin’s uncle takes control of the Guerre’s estate. In order to keep the estate within both families, Bertrande’s mother marries Martin’s uncle. Throughout Martin’s absence, Bertrande remains married to him. Because there was no proof that Martin was dead, Bertrande was not considered a widow and therefore could not remarry. It was also not common for the Catholic Church to annul a marriage, unless it could be proven that either party had not freely consented to the marriage (Western Civilizations, 357). During the 16th century, a person’s identity was based on his or her actions rather than appearance. For this reason, the fake Martin Guerre, Pansette, was able to convince the village that he was the real Martin. No formal records or pictures were kept of people at this time. The people of the village relied on the memory of Martin. With Pansette’s slight resemblance to Martin and his vast knowledge of Martin’s life, he was able to fool everyone. Pansette tells stories of the places he visited. Specifically he spoke of the men he saw from Brazil. He describes the men as naked and in chains with feathers on their heads. Pansette tells them that they eat their prisoners’ hearts, and share their land and women. He also told them that women make the decisions and go to war for the men. Bertrande seems shocked by this and asks if they are human or if they have souls. This is significant because it demonstrates the power of men at this time. In the 16th century, men made the decisions, while woman were expected to obey their husbands. Therefore it was strange for them to hear of woman having power over the men. After a dispute over the land between the fake Martin and his uncle, his uncle begins to question whether he is the real Martin. Rumors go around about this and the village is split on this issue. With this issue, we see how it is dealt with through religion and politics. The Toulouse Parliament of France is put in charge of this matter and questions Bertrande. She stands by Pansette, claiming he is the true Martin Guerre, although she knows that he is not. From a religious point of view, by doing this she is living in mortal sin and damning her soul and politically, she can be hanged for this crime. This case is brought before a court. Those who testified claimed that Pansette was not an imposter, until a man walks in claiming to be the real Martin Guerre. Martin’s family, including Bertrande, admits that this man is, in fact, the real Martin. Pansette finally confesses that he is not Martin and learned everything he knew about him through Martin himself. Although Pansette is found guilty, the court frees Bertrande from prosecution as a collaborator. This is because the court holds the real Martin Guerre to be partially responsible for not acting as a true husband. This issue is considered so serious because it is an issue of property. By pretending to be another man, Pansette is taking another man’s wife and stealing his wealth. During the 16th century, crimes against property, such as theft and arson, were punishable by execution (Wahl, â€Å"Counter Reformation† Lecture). The story of Martin Guerre and his return demonstrate the concerns and lives of people in 16th century France, through social, religious and political institutions. Socially, we see the act of marriage as a secular matter, ather than a religious one, where wht dowry a woman can offer determines if she is fit to be a wife. Also, we see the issue of identity and individuality based upon knowledge and actions, rather than appearance. It can be argued that during this time people know each other better than today. To decide if Pansette was the real Martin, they based their decision around how he acted and what he remembered about life before he left (although Mart in’s family was fooled by the fake Martin), while today identity is based a lot more on just appearance. We see how religion plays a role in their actions. They believed to fix Martin’s problem of infertility, they must perform an exorcism to get the demon out of him. Also, we see how by believing the fake Martin, Bertrande is living in sin under God. Finally, politically we see just how serious Pansette’s crime was. By interfering with the real Martin’s property (his family and land), he is committing the ultimate crime and is executed for this. How to cite The Return of Martin Guerre, Essay examples The Return of Martin Guerre Free Essays The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the book â€Å"The Return of Martin Guerre† by Natalie Zamon Davis. Specifically, it will discuss the life of the peasant during the Middle Ages. This book is a fascinating account of a true case that happened during the 16th century in France. We will write a custom essay sample on The Return of Martin Guerre or any similar topic only for you Order Now The book is also an excellent example of how the peasants lived in the Middle Ages, from what they ate, to how they traveled and what their family lives were like. This book shows that life in the Middle Ages was difficult and demanding, but it seems a little bit peaceful and serene, too. The main occupations were farming and raising sheep or goats, and there were tradesman in the villages who worked for a living, such as a shoemaker, a blacksmith, and such. Martin Guerre and his family were tile makers, but they also farmed and raised sheep to become relatively prosperous in their small village (Davis 14). The peasants were uneducated, (the Guerre’s town did not even have a schoolmaster), and most could not read, and could only write a small amount (Davis 15). They also married their children off very young, and often made matches for them. Martin Guerre married when he was only fourteen, and his wife was even younger (Davis 16). Life revolved around the village, the church, and the family, and it was a very busy but seemingly contented lifestyle. Their main concerns were the family and simple survival. Everything they did was to feed and clothe the family, from raising grains and grapes to raising sheep so they could spin the wool into cloth and clothe the family members. When they became more successful, it was to make money and rise up in stature in the village community, but peasants who did not have trades worked the land for their own survival. They were also extremely close-knit families, often living nearby each other, so family was important for them, as well. They worked together as a family, and widows lived with one of the grown sons, creating an extended family unit. Family relationships were important in this society, and they were the source of land and dowries for the children, which were very important at the time. In the Basque country, families often lived together, as the author notes, â€Å"When a household is set up with two generations of married folk, it is not the Basque combination of the old heir and the young heir, but a widowed parent, usually the mother, with one of her married children† (Davis 11). Even when Martin’s uncle married, he moved nearby to another house, and lived close to his relatives. Martin returned with his bride to his father’s house after they married, and lived with his family under one roof (Davis 18). Since their main concern was survival and perpetuation of the family, this indicates how important family life was to the peasants. Women had a lesser position than men did in the society. Davis writes, â€Å"At the parish mass, she would have to get used to the fact that her women did not push ahead of the men to make their offerings, did not go about the church to collect for the vestry, and din not serve as sacristans† (Davis 15). Women were also blamed for a man’s impotence, as Davis notes. She writes, â€Å"In the sixteenth century, it was usually blamed on the power of a woman outside the marriage† (Davis 21). The fact that Martin abandoned his wife and newborn son after eight years of marriage shows what low status women had in society. She had no recourse, she lived in a foreign household, and she could not even remarry. Girls were not educated; instead, they learned â€Å"women’s work† like spinning and cooking, and they were always at the mercy of their husbands. Davis writes, â€Å"First a world where organizational structure and public identity were associated exclusively with males† (Davis 29). The women worked in the fields, helped raise the livestock, served as midwives, cooked and baked. They were essential to everyday life in the peasant world, but they held no rights or privileges. The only women that really rose up in society were the widows, who could earn the respect of others and wield â€Å"informal power† (Davis 31). Armand Du Tilh was able to get away with his deception for several reasons. First, he resembled Guerre enough that people mistook him for the missing man (Davis 39). Next, he learned all he could about the missing man so that he could fool Martin’s family into believing he was actually Guerre. Davis writes, â€Å"He informed himself as cunningly as he could about Martin Guerre, his situation, his family, and the things he used to say and do† (Davis 39). He also grew a beard to hide any differences in his face, and took great pains to learn the villagers’ names and how he interacted with them when he had lived in the village before. In short, he learned every detail about Martin Guerre’s life, and convinced people he was Martin because of all the details he seemed to â€Å"recall† about his prior life. Davis believes that he was accepted because people wanted him to come back for all those years, and that he came â€Å"announced† as Martin Guerre, and so people wanted to believe it was true (Davis 43). Most of all, Bertrande’s acceptance of the new Martin helped soothe the minds of others. It is easy to see why Bertrande would accept the imposter. Davis writes, â€Å"What Bertrande had with the new Martin was her dream come true, a man she could live in peace and friendship (to cite sixteenth-century values) and in passion† (Davis 44). They also seemed to have become very attached to each other in their new life together. In conclusion, this book is a fascinating story of deception and betrayal, but it is a fascinating glimpse into the everyday life of the sixteenth-century peasant, as well. The book shows how families lived, survived, and even thrived, how women were treated in society, how important the Church was to so many aspects of life, and how difficult life was for many peasants. It is a good book to read to learn the more intimate details of life in the Middle Ages. How to cite The Return of Martin Guerre, Essay examples

Music and Critical Thinking Questions Essay Example For Students

Music and Critical Thinking Questions Essay Music Appreciation Text Questions Please complete the following questions. It is important that you use full sentences and present the questions and answers when you submit your work. Submit the work as a file attachment. This means you complete all work in a word processing document (e. G. , Microsoft Word) and attach the file using the drop tool. Use the Unit 1: Text Questions drop basket. The answers to the Review Critical Thinking questions are worth 10 points. Review Questions 1 . What are the basic elements of music? WYSIWYG 2. What is pitch? 3. What is syncopation? What types of music use syncopation? 4. What are three examples of forms of music? Describe each form. 5. What is form in music? Critical Thinking Questions 1 . Music has sometimes been referred to as a universal language. Why has this description been applied to music? Do you agree or disagree with this assessment? Why? 2. Why is musical notation important? What benefits do musicians and others receive from being able to write down and note aspects of a musical piece? 3. In the first part of the unit, we discussed how music is everywhere in society. What are some of the ways that we use music? How do you use music in your own life? 4. Music can help influence the mood or feeling in a place by the way in which it is played. What is a specific example of this that you have experienced? Discuss the experience (what was the song? How was it played? How did the mood/feeling change? ). For example, you might discuss an experience at a concert, religious service, or another place where music played a part in creating the mood. Discussion Questions Please post questions and answers on the UNIT ONE discussion boards. Unless otherwise instructed, you should submit at least one full paragraph for each question. Each discussion assignment is worth 5 points.

The Color Purple Essays - The Color Purple, , Term Papers

The Color Purple Gender Roles ?The Color Purple? Gender roles play a very important role throughout ?the Color Purple.? Each character in this book are very different from each other. They guide one another through life and help each other figure out who they really are. Sophia and Shug both influence Celie, who is skinny, weak, and dependent of others, and we see her role change throughout the novel. Celie who is weak and submissive strives to be like Shug. Shug's independence and self reliance has a major impact on Celie. Shug teaches Celie to be her own self, and start by introducing Celie to her sexuality although it is with a woman. ? I don't know nothin bout it, I say to Shug. I don't know much she say.? (Walker 118) Shug and Celie's relationship progressed, and she learned to stand up for herself as a woman. Over dinner, we watched Celie become an independent woman who stands up against Mr._________ who abuses her and forces her to be his slave. ? You a lowdown dog is what you is. What's wrong, I say. It's time to leave you and enter into the Creation. And your dead body is just the welcome mat I need.? (207) This is an example that clearly shows Celie has respect for herself, and symbolizes her growth as a human being. Sophia is a strong woman who is willing to sacrifice her life just to be treated equal. She fights hard for it, but is discriminated by Harpo and Mr.___________. She is forced to believe that men are superior, that women exist only to serve men, and have and take care of their children. Not only is Sophia taken advantage of, but Mr.___________ admits that he beats her only because she is a woman. (23) Sophia decides to leave Harpo in seek of a better life which is a big example of her battle for superiority of the female gender in the world.

A Study On Cambodia Tourism Essays

A Study On Cambodia Tourism Essays A Study On Cambodia Tourism Essay A Study On Cambodia Tourism Essay Cambodia is non an stray instance: touristry is a cardinal sector in many of the least developed states ( LDCs ) , a grouping officially recognized by the United Nations in 1971. Still, their overall portion in international touristry is little, accounting for less than 1 % of planetary touristry grosss. Over the last few old ages, information and communicating engineerings ( ICT ) have had a turning impact on touristry publicity, selling and gross revenues. With the coming of new signifiers of ICT, a fresh type of touristry, e-tourism, has emerged that is radically transforming the international touristry industry. More and more people now prefer to seek for information on touristry finishs and offers on the Internet. But in most instances it is non developing states that benefit from new touristry chances. World touristry is largely concentrated in a smattering of rich states, which both run the concern and harvest the benefits. Most information on touristry chances in developing states is generated, updated and marketed online by major international service suppliers based in developed states. With their obvious technological advantage, these suppliers carry out most of the gross revenues minutess and absorb a big portion of the net incomes. In African LDCs, up to 85 % of entire net incomes from the touristry industry are repatriated to developed states. The state of affairs is non much better in the Caribbean ( 80 % ) or Asia ( 70 % in Thailand and 40 % in India ) . What can be done to change by reversal this tendency? One solution is for developing states to take Fadvantage of the new chances offered by ICT to trade name and advance their ain touristry industry. Unlimited and low-priced entree to universe markets and information and trade webs is indispensable. To accomplish this would necessitate wider engagement of local little and moderate-sized touristry endeavors in planetary ICT webs every bit good as advanced national ICT policies for the sector. But the challenge is worth it: e-tourism could assist developing states exploit the untapped development chances touristry offers and, if set up expeditiously, could give them better control of their ain touristry industry.

Writing Admission Essay

Writing Admission Essay Writing Admission Essay Writing Admission Essay Most of the law schools require you to write a personal statement in which you must present yourself. A personal statement allows the reader to see an applicant as an individual who differs from other applicants. It is very important that your personal statement reflects you and your life as honestly as possible. Admission essay is your opportunity to talk directly with the admissions committee. It is your chance to help the admissions committee see you as a person.Your personal statement will determine whether you are being accepted or rejected by a school of your choice. Nevertheless, it is necessary to write an admission essay honestly, in an interesting way, and with proper structure. Admission Essay Writing The most important element of an essay is an evidence of your own thoughts. Admission essay topic usually presents one central question and develops a thesis, the answer to the question. Usually, you have to explain or defend your thesis with reasons and evidence gained from your own personal experience. You are expected to impress the commission with interesting thoughts gained from reading or research. It is advisable to make an outline which should include an introduction, body, and conclusion. College Admission Essay Whilewriting admission essay, many students face the problem deciding which information to include. Think about the topic of your admission essay, than create a list of your own experienced and interests, then choose the most interesting events from your life. While writing college admission essay you should also mention why you have decided to enter the chosen college and how you plan to use your life achievements in college. Your job is to sell yourself and distinguish yourself from other applicants. Everyone has qualities that are unique. Read also:http://.com/blog/college-admission-essay-topics Demonstrate your ability to think and express ideas clearly and effectively. Show motivation and capacity to succeed in college. The reason you are asked to write an admission essay is to compare the degree of similarity in research interests between you and the faculty member you wish to work with. However, your research interests should be relevant to the proposed field of study. Additionally, you should show in your college essay that you have basic knowledge in the chosen field of study. There are several different ways you can structure your essay, but the most common format includes an introduction, a body, and a concluding paragraph. Prepare an outline and create several drafts! Order Custom Admission Essay You know that writing a good admission essay is not easy and most of the students struggle with creating a powerful personal statement.is here to help college applicants with admission essay writing of any urgency. Even if you have only 12 hours left until submission, we can help you! Interesting posts: Essay Writing Tips Conclusion Writing Thesis Writing Hamlet Thesis Dissertation Service

Ebay Case Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ebay Case Analysis - Assignment Example These include SWOT analysis, STEEP analysis, competitor analysis, and financial comparison. These analysis will enable the management determine whether the company has the prospects of growth and success in its operation and will assist in the formulation of policies required in overcoming the threats and the challenges (Campbell and Craig 73). The tools further reveals the opportunities and the strengths that eBay must continue to pursue to remain a market leader. In as much as eBay recorded growth since inception, recent growth rate has slowed and revenues have declined for the first time. The company growth was achieved because of the strategic alliances and acquisitions that were entered into by the company. Acquisitions and strategic alliances is a faster way of entering new markets and increasing the market share. eBay has started losing market its market share to new innovative competitors and is faced by a host of challenges. Through analyzing the case Donahoe, the company pr esident, aims at determining the following: The greatest opportunities and threats that faces eBay external environment eBay’s greatest weaknesses and strengths whether eBay purpose statement is sufficient in directing the management in making important decisions. Whether shifting of eBay shift from the core competencies is a right strategy for the company’s success. ... STEEP analysis will help in determining the competitiveness of eBay. Factors considered in this analysis are the social, technological, economic, environmental, and political environment. The social factors provide eBay with an opportunity to increase its returns and performance. With an increasing number of people using the internet, eBay is in a position to attract new entrants and increase the number of people buying through the company market place. The youthful population access most of the information online and eBay management can capitalize on this to market their products on face book, twitter, and even Skype. This will reduce marketing costs and further increase the scale of operation. The increasing aging population on the other hand will likely to hamper the performance of eBay because it reduces the company’s primary customers. Economic factors also influence the operations and performance of eBay. First, the economic downturn provides eBay an opportunity to incre ase the number of buyers. With the decline in the disposable income, increased unemployment, and mortgage crisis will make customers look for discounts and therefore prefer eBay as a market place (Campbell and Craig 76). On the other hand, economic downturn also poses a threat on eBay competitiveness as it could result into fewer buyers and force the company to lower the fixed prices by more than 70% to become competitive. This could therefore shrink the revenues and profits of thee business. Furthermore, the fees on charged on infrequent sellers could have a negative impact on the revenues. In addition, the expansion of developing countries would give eBay an

Prove Me Wrong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prove Me Wrong - Essay Example I cannot affirm that this has changed. However, it has come to my concern that looks can be deceiving, and what I think is right is not necessarily so. I trust easily, I am kind, I care, and I love my family and friends. Whilst these personal traits might not change over my lifetime, handling them with ultimate care is vital. They make me easy to persuade, subsequently vulnerable to exploitation. It is in the family setting that I learned to stand by my friends and family. Whenever an issue occurred, social or financial, I would do my best to save the situation. For this reason, everybody seemed to like me. My family and friends enjoyed my company and came to me for help any time they felt like. I would give my advice or offer whatever I have if the issue was financial. However, I expected that anything borrowed from me should be returned, especially where monetary values were attached. Months and years passed before things started changing. After some time, I realized that my genero sity, kindness, care, and love were being taken for granted. They started being used as avenues to exploit me. My friends and family had known me too well, allowing them to take advantage of my weak point.

Causes of the French Revolution Essay Example for Free

Causes of the French Revolution Essay The French Revolution of 1789 consisted of many aspects which led to the movement. Both long-term and immediate causes bequeathed to its triumph. The Enlightenment bestowed a new concept of government and society. America also influenced the nation’s controversial revolt. Many actions contributed to the French Revolution of 1789; according to an excerpt from Travels in France by Arthur Young. (Document 1) Observations made by this traveler from the years 1787 to 1789 encompass the immense taxing on those who were not nobles, the increased price of bread; making the peoples’ purchase of the resource inevitable and the insane prices of feudal dues. According to Document 2, a diagram of the three estates in 1789, the relationship between the percentage of the population in each estate and the percentage of the land owned showed that the larger the population the more the land owned on the estate; primarily focused toward the third estate. Inequitable circumstances subsisted in pre-revolutionary France, entailing the third estate facing much more of the taxes and fees than the other estates. In Document 3, excerpts from the cahiers listed the following demands made by the third estate in the French government: reform of abuse and tyranny, equal taxation amongst all classes, taxes granted for a limited period, and votes taken per person within assembly. Another cause of the French Revolution of 1789 as expressed by Lord Acton was due to the American influence. He suggested that the ideas of philosophers were not the cause of the epidemic, but that it was the contemplation provided by the Declaration of Independence. (Document 5) The following actions contributed to the success of the French movement. Each cause led to the uproar of the third estate that caused them to revolt. The documents mentioned above are verification of the involved causes. The causes led to an ambitious fight for rights resulted in what we know as the French Revolution of 1789.

Against Gender Norms in Sports :: Exploratory Essays

Against Gender Norms in Sports Against Gender Norms A controversial topic that is prevalent in the sport world today is the gender division of acceptable sports for males and females. American culture places stereotypes on athletes who choose to participate in sports that are deemed as nontraditional for their particular gender. At the same time American culture is being broadened by these courageous athletes. These athletes are enduring criticism based on cultural norms as well as the social affects on their own personal lives. Female body builders, boxers, and football players to male cheerleaders are just a few examples of athletes who have decided to go against society's gender norm. The movie "Pumping Iron II" shows the hardships and sacrifices made by a female bodybuilder. All of the women portrayed in the movie worked hard to become defined and muscular. However the one female who pushed the boundaries of cultural norms the furthest and was clearly the strongest and most muscular did not win the contest. Be v had worked to become as muscular as a male bodybuilder of similar size, but she did not win because of criticism she received for not being feminine-looking, Female athletes are frequently stereotyped as being gay, and, when a female athlete decides to enter a sport that is non-traditional for their gender, they have to deal with a consent battle of declaring their femininity. Just because Bev did not look delicate or have a "Barbie Doll" figure, she was unable to win. It was a body building contest, not a beauty contest. Females should not have their femininity questioned just because they want to do something that is out of their gender norm. Nor should a male cheerleader have to declare their masculinity because society views male cheerleaders as effeminate or gay. Female athletes playing sports that are non-traditional for their gender also pay a price in their personal lives. A female boxer is built a lot differently than the average female. As seen in the movie "Girl Fight", the main character has a very muscular body, which she attained through hard work and dedication. However, she looks nothing like the "ideal American woman," which in turn can cause her to suffer isolation and assumptions to be made about her sexual identity. Culturally there are other costs associated with females participating in traditional male team sports. For example, at the high school level where girls have participated on football teams, physical and equipment modifications have to be made for the female athlete to participate in the sport. Against Gender Norms in Sports :: Exploratory Essays Against Gender Norms in Sports Against Gender Norms A controversial topic that is prevalent in the sport world today is the gender division of acceptable sports for males and females. American culture places stereotypes on athletes who choose to participate in sports that are deemed as nontraditional for their particular gender. At the same time American culture is being broadened by these courageous athletes. These athletes are enduring criticism based on cultural norms as well as the social affects on their own personal lives. Female body builders, boxers, and football players to male cheerleaders are just a few examples of athletes who have decided to go against society's gender norm. The movie "Pumping Iron II" shows the hardships and sacrifices made by a female bodybuilder. All of the women portrayed in the movie worked hard to become defined and muscular. However the one female who pushed the boundaries of cultural norms the furthest and was clearly the strongest and most muscular did not win the contest. Be v had worked to become as muscular as a male bodybuilder of similar size, but she did not win because of criticism she received for not being feminine-looking, Female athletes are frequently stereotyped as being gay, and, when a female athlete decides to enter a sport that is non-traditional for their gender, they have to deal with a consent battle of declaring their femininity. Just because Bev did not look delicate or have a "Barbie Doll" figure, she was unable to win. It was a body building contest, not a beauty contest. Females should not have their femininity questioned just because they want to do something that is out of their gender norm. Nor should a male cheerleader have to declare their masculinity because society views male cheerleaders as effeminate or gay. Female athletes playing sports that are non-traditional for their gender also pay a price in their personal lives. A female boxer is built a lot differently than the average female. As seen in the movie "Girl Fight", the main character has a very muscular body, which she attained through hard work and dedication. However, she looks nothing like the "ideal American woman," which in turn can cause her to suffer isolation and assumptions to be made about her sexual identity. Culturally there are other costs associated with females participating in traditional male team sports. For example, at the high school level where girls have participated on football teams, physical and equipment modifications have to be made for the female athlete to participate in the sport.

Essay – University Entrance Requirements

Essay 1. University entrance requirements are much more lenient than they used to be – some university courses are prepared to accept students without any A-levels. Last twenty years was a time of ongoing changes in the higher educational institution. One of the most controversial and criticized idea was the withdrawal of the entrance exam at all universities. It had caused a serious debate about the importance of high standard on the one hand and the equality in obtaining educational levels on the other hand.However, there are three main reasons why university entrance requirements are much lenient that they used to be. These are education reform, population decline and economy. Firstly, the politics decided to carried out an education reform. Their motivation was to facilitate the access to higher education and control better student’s improvement. As a result, there were no more entrance exam and the matura exam started to be the most important test which decided whe never student have a chance to go into university or not.This strategy should create an equal possibility, because the exam has very strict rules, procedure and it’s the same for all Polish students. Unfortunately, when we creating an ideal exam for everybody we need to consider that the level is always lower than it used to be on the entrance exams. Consequently, it is easier to get into university. After the huge education reform, another problem occurred. The predicted population decline has come out and created unstable situation in educational institution. The great amount of students, that teachers and professors were used to, suddenly had vanished.Year after year, there is even less students to teach. Consequently, less teachers are needed and everybody is afraid of losing their job. Because of this, universities change their strategies by lowered the level of entrance requirements and accept almost everyone. It create a situation when not only the brightest can entere d into higher education but also the lazy ones who doesn’t even care about learning. The last reason surely dominates the education system. Nowadays, it is the money which rules higher education and let everyone who pays to gain a master degree.As I mentioned before, there are less students, but universities need them to exist, because each learner is a certain amount of money. As a result, some courses accept even more students that they should. In that case, universities are constantly cheating on their clients and just churn out obedient students. What is more, there exist many private school which offer the same courses as on the university, but often don’t require positive matura results or good grades. If you pay the rent, the possibility to obtain quickly a bachelor or master degree is almost certain.In general, it is much more easier to get into university that it used to be. However, it is the only positive point of it. Unfortunately, our education system isnà ¢â‚¬â„¢t appropriate for this century. The equal matura exam took all the power from entrance examiners at the universities. The small number of students destroyed all the competitiveness in obtaining higher education. Also, the economic issue create a situation when an university degree is so easy available that people with a Bachelor or Master degree aren’t respected enough. In other words, universities should focused on the quality not on the quantity.

How does Robert Louis Stevenson explore the duality of human nature in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Essay

Robert Louis Stevenson incorporated the ideology of the duality of human nature into his Victorian thriller novella: ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. This does not emerge fully until the last chapter. The text not only de-familiarizes the duality of human nature as its central theme but forces us to wonder the properties of this duality and to consider each of the novella’s chapters as we weigh up the various theories. Jekyll asserts that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two,† implying that everyone has two parts to their personality, ‘Good’ and ‘Bad’ instead of just yourself and he imagines the human soul as the battleground for an â€Å"angel† and a â€Å"fiend,† both opposing forces each struggling for mastery. The novella tackles many different theories that circulated at the time. When the novella was published, there was uproar that it suggested we have two parts to our personalities. This theory went against many influential Victorian religious beliefs. Robert Louis Stevenson’s believed that people had a dual personality and this is echoed in the novella. The inspiration for the novella could have come from many different people and events, most notably: a dream that Stevenson had repeatedly as a child relevant event about Deacon Brody who was a cabinet maker by day and murderer by night. Also during his time in the Samoan Island a man named Dr Hyde greatly insulted his friends, from that could have and most probably did give birth to the Jekyll and Hyde characters. Robert Louis Stevenson, the author, was born in 1850 in Edinburgh, and you can see the divisions between scientific and religious views reflected in the story from his childhood. His mother, being very religious, had him baptised whereas his father did not approve of his writing and thought he should have a more scientific past-time. This is reflected into the novella, with the more experimental Dr Jekyll, which eventually leads to his apparent death. In contrast, you have Dr Hastie Lanyon, a more stringent and ‘old-style’ scientist who at one point dismisses Jekyll’s experiments as, â€Å"scientific balderdash†, this clearly shows the straight to the point view that would have been shared with Victorian society towards experimental science. It had huge implications: namely that God was not the higher authority and Science had influence with the creation of everything which at the time many people were scared of god’s wrath and the consequences if th ey were found playing with science whereas today we are more scared of what we create than the consequences of religion. This proposal was re-enforced when Darwin published his book: â€Å"Theory of Evolution†, to the general public in which a large amount of people saw it as an ‘attack on religion’, simply by stating that God did not create the world in seven days and that all animals, including human beings, were all descended from something more primitive that its current form: this would have caused fear as people were scared that we could evolve to a point we’d turn into characters such as Dracula, Frankenstein or even characters such as the ‘ape-like’ Hyde. Many also believed that science had come out of its comfort zone and was meddling in things that only God had control over. This is what Stevenson does in the novella using the Jekyll and Hyde characters. This would have given the story, when it was published, the edge as many people saw the supernatural and science as quite an intimidating matter and it was widely feared, and suggesting that people had two sides. Subsequently, during the time of the publication in 1888, in London there were numerous murders of prostitutes by the notorious serial killer, Jack the Ripper. Several people had thought that the story of Jekyll and Hyde had inspired Jack the Ripper to commit the killings. Nevertheless, while this was never proven it had been implanted in the minds of many Victorians, to think about Jekyll and Hyde and the duality of human nature. There was, discussion about Jack the Ripper being highly educated, that of a doctor like Jekyll, or professor or even royalty. Victorian society at the time of the novella’s publication had a very large class divide, with the upper class honourable gentry and the poor, poverty ridden lower classes. Robert Louis Stevenson juxtaposes these extremes in his novella, emphasising the vast difference between the classes using the honourable Dr Jekyll and his repressed darker side that is Mr Hyde, which ensures the reader sees the contrast between Jekyll’s rich, good and kindness against Hyde’s evil, seemingly poor and deplorable behaviour. The novella is set in the vice-ridden city of London aptly described within the novella as being, â€Å"dingy†, â€Å"distained† and â€Å"blistered†, these adjectives paint a picture of an area in dis-repute and set a tone which is echoed through the character Hyde throughout the novella: which was a very different place to the prosperous modern, Edinburgh, where Robert Louis Stevenson was brought up. There was a very real sense of a nor th, south divide. The south was riddled with crime, a true ‘dark ages’ setting portrayed through Mr Hyde’s abode in London’s infamous Soho, whereas the upper class, ‘good’ side of Dr. Jekyll lives in an influential square described as having â€Å"florid charms†, and â€Å"thoroughfare with an air of invitation†, these adjectives not only imply that the street in itself are ‘good’ but also personify the street by implying it invites customers to shop there with its decor or ‘charms’. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde delve into the Victorian’s fascinated fear of the supernatural, highlighting the vast differences between religion, science and philosophy at the time. Most notably is this shown by the disagreements between Dr Jekyll and Dr Lanyon, at one Lanyon protests Jekyll’s experimenting would have â€Å"estranged Damon and Pythias†, who were mythological Greek followers of Pythagoras. This shows Dr Lanyon, like so many at the time, as scared and completely against mixing science and religion, whereas Dr Jekyll shows himself to be more experimental, like philosophers at the time such as Darwin and Sir John Herschel who believed in evolutionism: the idea that everything has descended from something, most notably humans from apes. At the time Great Britain was a world leader, a pioneer for all things scientific however still very religious and like any great nation it had secret vice’s and habit’s that were hidden away to the rest of the world, like how Hyde is hidden away in Jekyll. Jekyll displays a dual natured personality even before he starts to meddle with Hyde, but his potion he creates, which he hoped would separate and purify each element, succeeds only in bringing the dark side into being-Hyde emerges, but he has no angelic counterpart. If man is half angel and half fiend, then it makes you wonder what happens to the â€Å"angel† at the end of the novella. Jekyll succeeds in liberating his darker side, freeing it from the bonds of conscience, yet as Jekyll he never liberates himself from this darkness. Jekyll cannot participate in ‘unrepeatable pleasures’ due to his high standing in society, therefore, concocts a potion which allows him to mentally and physically split his ‘good’ and ‘evil’ personalities on command allowing Jekyll, to remain a reputable socialite, however, also enjoying the Soho ‘pleasures’ such as visiting popular brothels which were abundant during the Victorian period however it would’ve been social suicide to visit as Jekyll due to his upper class and well educated veneer. However, this soon spirals out of control and the cost of Jekyll’s curiosity turned out to be a deadly reversal of dominance. When Jekyll become’s Hyde, he says he feels â€Å"younger, lighter and happier in body†, which implies that despite Jekyll tapped into this more ‘evil’ side of his human nature, he is enjoying the new found freedom, this allows him to do what he wants. However, especially when Hyde has been ignored and made a recluse within the shadow of Jekyll, we can see this physically emphasized when Hyde’s described as being ‘small’ and ‘stumpy’, lashes out, and murders Sir Danvers Carew. Jekyll believes that his potion gives him complete control over the transformations between his ‘good’ and ‘evil’ side. Throughout the novella Hyde is described as being disgusting and the minute you meet him, people unconsciously take an instant dislike to him. When Mr Enfield ‘collared’ Hyde, Enfield apparently, â€Å"turned sick and white with the desire to kill him†; showing how hypocritical Victorian’s were as they were rejecting and repressing their own evil side. This is the side of Jekyll which he himself wants to be rid of. However, he ends up being a ‘slave’ and ‘underdog’ to his ‘evil’ side, which is Hyde. Additionally, we are led to believe that Jekyll kill’s himself to be rid of Hyde forever. Jekyll’s potion is made solely to rid Jekyll of his ‘evil’ side. However, it is increasingly noticeable that the more times that Jekyll uses the potion, his hold over Hyde weakens to a point where â€Å"I fell asleep Jekyll, but awoke Hyde†, This shows that Jekyll has lost all control, and it gives a view to what is to come. The loss of control over Hyde implies that Jekyll has never been pure, and has always had his ‘evil’ side, Hyde within him which is echoed by two well-known philosophers. The social contract theorists, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, came from fundamentally different viewpoints. Hobbes believed that â€Å"all man is born evil†, whereas Locke said â€Å"man are born flawed but good deep down†, which is portrayed throughout the novella. This is shown clearly when the physical traits of Hyde are described as, â€Å"short and stumpy†, however as Hyde gains control over Jekyll, Hyde becomes as tall and as well built as Jekyll, implying that the powers of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ are now not as thrown in one direction. Another more recent psychologist named Sigmund Freud believed that we were made up of three parts: the id, ego and the super-ego. The id is the set of uncoordinated instinctual trends; the ego is the organised, realistic part; and the super-ego plays the critical and moralising role. He also believed that it is the rules of society and laws that stop everyone from going around killing each other. It seems that Hyde consists of only the id; this emphasizes the ideology that Hyde simply represents the primitive and ‘animal-like’ qualities of Jekyll and that Jekyll remains the critical organised part of his makeup. The bulk of the crime was committed by and amongst the lower classes, leaving the upper classes seemingly innocent, however we know from Jekyll’s feelings that he desperately wanted to be able to enjoy the pleasures of the lower classes much like Stevenson himself, and this is what leads him to create the potion, and turn into Hyde. There is also an air of cynicism about Jekyll as he wanted to, in effect, ‘use’ Hyde for his dirty deeds, â€Å"†¦Edward Hyde would pass away like the stain of a breathe upon a mirror†, clearly showing that Jekyll has planned for this and has the full intentions of using Hyde not as was originally thought or desired for medical and theological experiments but for more sinister. As a result of Hyde’s ‘imprisonment’ in Jekyll, at every possible chance Hyde seizes control over Jekyll in order to release some of the anger that has been kept in for years. At one point, â€Å"the powers of Hyde seemed to have grown in the sickliness of Jekyll†, which shows that the consistent changing between Jekyll and Hyde made Jekyll, succumb to illness. This made Jekyll weak, allowing Hyde a clearer passage when he ‘took over Jekyll’ this uses dramatic or even tragic irony to convey it’s message. This leads us to believe that people reach the point where you either chose your ‘good’ or ‘bad’ side. Throughout the novella there are many crimes that Hyde commits, most notably the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the ‘assault’, of the young girl walking on the side path in the evening, which when coupled with the idea that they were committed by Jekyll’s ‘evil’ or ‘bad’ side, they simply bolster Hobbes’ theory that all men are born ‘evil’. However, it also ironically agrees with Locke’s theory that all men are born good but with flaws, as for Jekyll to allow Hyde control, he must drink a potion to separate the good and the bad which shows that Jekyll clearly isn’t ‘bad’ but has â€Å"flaws†, as Locke says. Both crimes involve violence directed against innocents in particular. The fact that Hyde ruthlessly murders these harmless beings, who have seemingly done nothing to provoke him and even less to deserve death, emphasizes the extreme immorality of Jekyll’s dark side unleashed. Hyde’s brand of evil constitutes not just a lapse from good but an outright attack on it. Throughout the novella the language used to describe the main characters, especially Jekyll and Hyde are consistent with what they’re meant to symbolise. For example, Hyde, is referred as being, â€Å"ape-like†, a simile and â€Å"hideous†, an adjective both echo the idea that Hyde is Jekyll’s ‘animal like’, and ‘primitive’ side, by comparing Hyde to an ape this also emphasizes the Victorian idea of duality of human nature where the ‘evil’ part has the more disgusting and unattractive traits, whereas the ‘good’ part of you has the more respectable and ‘like-able’ features. According to the remarks made by observers, Hyde appears ‘repulsively ugly’ and ‘deformed’, ‘small’, ‘shrunken’, and ‘hairy’: these adjectives symbolize his moral hideousness and warped ethics. The connection between such ugliness and Hyde’s wickedness might have been seen as more than symbolic. Many people believed in the science of physiognomy, which was, that someone could identify a criminal by physical appearance. His hairiness may indicate that he is not so much an evil side of Jekyll as the embodiment of Jekyll’s instincts, the animalistic core beneath Jekyll’s polished exterior, another point is where Stevenson gives the door Hyde enters, human qualities such as calling it, â€Å"sinister†, which is an example of personification. The door is also mentioned later on in the novella where it’s referred to, â€Å"two door’s from one corner†, seemingly an oxymoron where the door can be interpreted as two physical entrances to the Jekyll residence which Hyde uses, but also the mental entrance to Jekyll’s ‘good’ side and Hyde’s ‘bad’ side placed next to each other to symbolize the two halves of Jekyll’s human nature. The simple name â€Å"Hyde† which consists of a single syllable is a good way to name the character, and they’re many ways where this is evident, one of those is: â€Å"Jekyll†, consists of two syllables so â€Å"Hyde†, implying that Hyde, is hidden or ‘hides’ within Jekyll however it could also symbolize half of what Jekyll is, Jekyll’s ‘bad’ side. You can also link the idea of Hyde being half of Jekyll by the first sighting of Hyde in the novella, where he’s described as being small, even half of Jekyll’s size, symbolizing the ‘evil’ side which has been out-weighed by the ‘goodness’ of Jekyll. Stevenson meant for Jekyll’s name to be pronounced as if it were French-Je KILL. â€Å"Je† in French means â€Å"I†: I kill subtly emphasizing Jekyll’s ‘evil’ side. Unlike how Hyde is described within the novella, Jekyll is given more providence and a m uch more of a pleasant character consistently described as being an ‘honourable’ man and ‘good doctor’ by his friends. During the Victorian times if you were a doctor, like Jekyll then you would need to conduct yourself in an honourable way and be a ‘role model’ to the lower classes and fellow peers. From the beginning of the novella Jekyll is mentioned as having a â€Å"signature very well known and often printed†, indicating that Jekyll had a large community presence. During Victorian times, doctors were highly respected and considered to be among the most intelligent people of their time, with a great deal of responsibility, you could also link this to why Jekyll wanted to move medicine forward by means of a personality splitting potion. At certain points in the novella, pathetic fallacy is used- most notably when Sir Danvers Carew is murdered, where the sky is peaceful at the time, this reflects the maid at the window’s pure serenity and relaxed mood, however this changes rapidly when Poole fetches Utterson, and the weather changes to heavy rain, this implies that the weather is used to reflect the moods of the different characters. Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde both represent two very different ends of the social spectrum and Dr Jekyll are definitely the accepted end of it and throughout the novella the social classes that were prominent in Victorian times and at the time of the novella’s publication are echoed through ‘Jekyll and Hyde’. Jekyll who’s always seen to be a respectable man, and always dressed in clothes which fit unlike Hyde’s, representing Hyde’s physical features as much smaller than Jekyll’s. Whereas the Hyde character consistently inhabits clothes that are too small for him, emphasizing the idea that Hyde represented Jekyll’s ‘poor’ side that relies on Jekyll’s clothing. Clothing to the lower classes would’ve been expensive and therefore would have been handed down after it had stopped fitting, and rarely would’ve been thrown away due to its value, an idiom which best describes the situation between Jekyll and Hyde’s, rich and poor balance would be: ‘the man’s treasure is another man’s rubbish’, clearly highlighting the necessity for the lower classes to grasp at any whole material they could whereas the higher, more richer classes would have the ‘luxury’, of throwing things away quite like when Jekyll simply gives up his clothes for Hyde. There are numerous other characters in the novella which all have their small roles to play and all add to the mystery of the Jekyll and Hyde connection. However, unlike Jekyll and Hyde they’re not split into two distinct characters to show it. One of those characters would be, Poole who is Jekyll’s loyal butler, who at one point fears for Jekyll’s life so much he runs to Utterson’s for help. This could show ‘good’ human nature as he is willing to go, against his order’s to leave him in his cabinet despite what he hears or sees, to essentially save Jekyll’s life. However this could be miss-construed as he fears that if Jekyll dies then his pay, and stable residence with Jekyll will cease. Another character who displays hints of a more twisted human nature is the police sergeant who investigates the murder of Sir Danvers Carew. We are told that when he hears of the murder, â€Å"his eye lighted up with professional ambition†, the irony that the sergeant has more feelings for his own future and that he could get a promotion whereas he doesn’t care as much that a Member of Parliament was brutally â€Å"bludgeoned†, to death by Hyde. In the sergeant and Poole’s cases, you can see two very different sides to human nature, similar to the Hyde and Jekyll’s differences. Another character which shows a more sinister side but still relative to today’s human nature is Hyde’s housekeeper who when hearing of the news that he killed someone presses the police for information, most likely for gossip. Hyde’s housekeeper answered the door to the police and: â€Å"She had an evil face, smoothed by hypocrisy†, which implies that she was more than happy to implicate her employer suggesting that even during Victorian times people were as we are today ‘gossip motivated’. Yet another character in the novella is Mr Utterson, who in his own narrative reveals himself to be : â€Å"lean, long, dusty, dreary, and yet somehow lovable†. Despite this Utterson shows himself to be a very nosey person, consistently asking Jekyll for details about his will, even by-passing Jekyll and asking Lanyon. This could be taken in two ways: either Utterson simply wants to know why Jekyll has such a strange will, or as we are lead to believe Utterson genuinely cares for Jekyll and wants to help in any way he can. These two views of his character both showing ‘good’ and seemingly ‘bad’ human nature. However you can also link Dr Lanyon with Mr Utterson as they both have an unfounded hatred and un-scientific eye for the supernatural which is shown clearly in the novella as it progresses Both are unable to notice and link the disappearances and re-appearance of Jekyll and Hyde, until Lanyon witnesses the process and dies soon after, His death represents the more general victory of supernaturalism over materialism in Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Then you have Utterson who doesn’t ‘see’ the ‘truth’ right up until the end when he receives the letter from Jekyll explaining the series of events. Throughout the novella, Mr Utterson is a frequent character who helps to lead the plot, displaying the behaviour and attitude, towards the ‘truth’ much like Victorian people at the time despite the fact he though Jekyll was hiding Hyde and being blackmailed, he’d rather not admit it. Even when he suspects Jekyll of criminal activities such as blackmail or the sheltering of the murderer Hyde, he prefers to ignore what he has learned, or what he thinks he has learned, rather than bring ruin upon his good friend. Robert Louis Stevenson, the author, raised in a very religious way could be one of the reasons that he chose to write this novella, as a way of rebelling like many at the time when it came to the super natural and religion. However, we can link his religious upbringing to one of the characters: Gabriel Utterson, Gabriel is one of the ‘main’ angels in the religion and often referred to in the bible with ‘God’, so despite the rebelling against his religion, Stevenson still insert snippets from his past into the plot line. Lastly the link between Utterson and Lanyon, they both embody the lack of knowledge and unwillingness to entertain anything to do with the supernatural much like the Victorians who preferred what they knew, which was religion and not what this would have been during publication, a horror story. Another very prominent theme displayed in the novella is the presence of silence like the Victorian’s at the time of publication; two kinds of silence in the novel indicate two different notions about the interaction of the rational and the irrational. The characters’ refusals to discuss the sordid situations indicate an attribute of the Victorian society in which they live. This society prizes decorum and reputation above all and prefers to repress or even deny the truth, certainly if that truth threatens to upset the conventionally ordered society in place. Faced with the irrational, Victorian society and its population prefer neither to acknowledge its presence nor to grant it the legitimacy of a name. Involuntary silences, on the other hand, imply something about language itself: Language is by nature rational and logical and many characters display this silence throughout the novella for example: Enfield and Utterson cut off their discussion of Hyde in the first ch apter out of distaste for gossip; Utterson refuses to share his suspicions about Jekyll throughout his investigation of his friend’s predicament. Moreover, neither Jekyll in his final confession nor the third-person narrator in the rest of the novella ever provides any details of Hyde’s behaviour or secret vices. Maybe the silence is kept out of the mutual respect for each other’s respect however it is more likely that during Victorian times, everyone knew what everyone else was doing although never revealed their knowledge due to the age old idiom: â€Å"Knowledge is power†, allowing a crime such as black mail to thrive, which it did during Victorian times and why would a reputable man want to be seen in such circumstances, it could destroy their reputation quite like when Utterson suspects Jekyll of being black mailed. Quite like the Victorian’s at the time we are really gossip crazy, and we all love to have information about other people to use at our advantage, much like the Victorians we don’t like our family secrets and self-pride to be damaged no matter what social class we belong to, both the Victorian’s and ourselves didn’t like to ‘air their dirty laundry’, implying that if something could damage the honour, pride or reputation of the family or person then it simply would be kept secret seemingly to protect themselves like Jekyll does with Hyde. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ is medium length and that is why it is categorised as being a novella, because it isn’t long enough to be called a novel, nor short enough to be called a short story. All but the last two chapters are written in third person: the penultimate chapter, ‘Dr Lanyon’s narrative’ is written in first person, from Dr Lanyon’s point of view, in a package to Mr Utterson. Again, in the last chapter, with Dr Jekyll explains the long series of events in a mixture of third, and first person, when talking about himself, Dr Jekyll, (third when talking about Mr Hyde’s actions). The novella has two endings emphasizing the idea of dual natured personalities, and two different sides too our personalities: firstly when Utterson and Poole, the butler, find Hyde in Jekyll’s cabinet, and secondly, when Utterson finally reads Jekyll’s letter at the end of the novella which explains the series of events. At points in the last chapter, even Dr Jekyll becomes confused as to who he is, which emphasizes the idea that Hyde could be taking ‘over’. The book, ‘The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’, starts with a long narrative from Mr Enfield; a key character in the plot line. The narrative concerns Mr Utterson and Mr Enfield who informs him of the night were he witnessed a â€Å"stumbling†¦ damned Juggernaut†, character â€Å"who was as emotional as a bagpipe†, a metaphor insinuating Hyde, whom they were talking about was careless and oblivious to the pain he caused. Also they mention, ‘door’ which becomes more important as the story goes on proving to be of use to Hyde and Jekyll as a physical and theological escape to each other’s acts. It is at this point that due to both of the men’s disapproval of gossiping, that they stop the conversation, and continue their walk. The novella consists of a long anecdote start ed at the beginning and ends with a summary of Dr Jekyll’s point of view. Jekyll mainly explains their story and that he will transform into Hyde again, soon and will not be able to stop it. The idea of Jekyll and Hyde is for the reader to think about the two different sides to human nature, and how things can ‘possibly’ go wrong when you lose all control over the ‘evil’ side of your personality, as inevitably happens in the novella. I think that Stevenson, who was plagued throughout his life by illness, wrote this story to share his own experiences, and views in a controversial religious and scientific situation at the time of publication. Throughout Stevenson’s life he battled with respiratory problems, consistently moving from city to city, and even to different countries most notably the Samoan islands and I believe that this is just one of the ‘demons’ in his life, or part of his own ‘evil’ human nature that led him to write this story. No one philosopher can be linked directly to the story since the text grapples at parts of Locke’s and Hobbes’ theories. A possible moral of this interesting story is that which many Christians recite daily, (yet another religious link to the story): â€Å"Lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil†, and that ‘one’ needs to be in control of their darker side of human nature, and to stop this evil from growing larger as happens in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde or perhaps, the moral is that we cannot control evil once unleashed.

Free Essays on Year Around School

Year around School I read â€Å"U.S. Kids Need More School Time† by Ellen Goodman and â€Å" The School Year Needs to Be Better; Not Longer† by Colman McCarthy. I have these thoughts and observations about having a year round school year. For millions of kids that are now left to spend their summers in an empty home while parents work, maybe there is a better alternative. There are lots of differences today in our life styles compared to twenty years ago. I have realized in reading about this issue, that there are very good reasons, both for and against, whether there should be school all year. Kids today are also dealing with problems with not having enough money to do summer activities to keep themselves busy. It is a stated fact that lots of other countries send their kids to school for more time each year than the United States. In one person's opinion, we need to improve the school year we have now and make it better, rather than make it longer in hopes of making it better. If the school year is made longer, there will be a need for a lot more funding for the teachers and administrators’ salaries as well as the expense of operating our schools year round. Most of the current schools would have to add air conditioning to their buildings. With seventy percent of federal research and development funds allocated, only two percent goes to the cost of education. There are already concerns from students asking questions such as why is there not more money for more teachers. One author thinks that the issue is with money rather than the time at school and aren't the summers used to rest and to get a fresh start for beginning the next school years? After all the reading and consideration of all opinions, this is my decision on the matter. I think that there are two different aspects that need to be looked at when considering going to school year round. There are many parents, teachers, and students who think that going ... Free Essays on Year Around School Free Essays on Year Around School Year around School I read â€Å"U.S. Kids Need More School Time† by Ellen Goodman and â€Å" The School Year Needs to Be Better; Not Longer† by Colman McCarthy. I have these thoughts and observations about having a year round school year. For millions of kids that are now left to spend their summers in an empty home while parents work, maybe there is a better alternative. There are lots of differences today in our life styles compared to twenty years ago. I have realized in reading about this issue, that there are very good reasons, both for and against, whether there should be school all year. Kids today are also dealing with problems with not having enough money to do summer activities to keep themselves busy. It is a stated fact that lots of other countries send their kids to school for more time each year than the United States. In one person's opinion, we need to improve the school year we have now and make it better, rather than make it longer in hopes of making it better. If the school year is made longer, there will be a need for a lot more funding for the teachers and administrators’ salaries as well as the expense of operating our schools year round. Most of the current schools would have to add air conditioning to their buildings. With seventy percent of federal research and development funds allocated, only two percent goes to the cost of education. There are already concerns from students asking questions such as why is there not more money for more teachers. One author thinks that the issue is with money rather than the time at school and aren't the summers used to rest and to get a fresh start for beginning the next school years? After all the reading and consideration of all opinions, this is my decision on the matter. I think that there are two different aspects that need to be looked at when considering going to school year round. There are many parents, teachers, and students who think that going ...

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics

Definition and Usage of Union in Mathematics One operation that is frequently used to form new sets from old ones is called the union. In common usage, the word union signifies a bringing together, such as unions in organized labor or the State of the Union address that the U.S. President makes before a joint session of Congress. In the mathematical sense, the union of two sets retains this idea of bringing together. More precisely, the union of two sets A and B is the set of all elements x such that x is an element of the set A or x is an element of the set B. The word that signifies that we are using a union is the word or. The Word Or When we use the word or in day-to-day conversations, we may not realize that this word is being used in two different ways. The way is usually inferred from the context of the conversation. If you were asked â€Å"Would you like the chicken or the steak?† the usual implication is that you may have one or the other, but not both. Contrast this with the question, â€Å"Would you like butter or sour cream on your baked potato?† Here or is used in the inclusive sense in that you could choose only butter, only sour cream, or both butter and sour cream. In mathematics, the word or is used in the inclusive sense. So the statement, x is an element of A or an element of B means that one of the three is possible: x is an element of just A and not an element of Bx is an element of just B and not an element of A.x is an element of both A and B. (We could also say that x is an element of the intersection of A and B Example For an example of how the union of two sets forms a new set, let’s consider the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. To find the union of these two sets, we simply list every element that we see, being careful not to duplicate any elements. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 are in either one set or the other, therefore the union of A and B is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Notation for Union In addition to understanding the concepts concerning set theory operations, it is important to be able to read symbols used to denote these operations. The symbol used for the union of the two sets A and B is given by A ∠ª B. One way to remember the symbol ∠ª refers to union is to notice its resemblance to a capital U, which is short for the word â€Å"union.† Be careful, because the symbol for union is very similar to the symbol for intersection. One is obtained from the other by a vertical flip. To see this notation in action, refer back the above example. Here we had the sets A {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}. So we would write the set equation A ∠ª B {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }. Union With the Empty Set One basic identity that involves the union shows us what happens when we take the union of any set with the empty set, denoted by #8709. The empty set is the set with no elements. So joining this to any other set will have no effect. In other words, the union of any set with the empty set will give us the original set back This identity becomes even more compact with the use of our notation. We have the identity: A ∠ª ∅ A. Union With the Universal Set For the other extreme, what happens when we examine the union of a set with the universal set? Since the universal set contains every element, we cannot add anything else to this. So the union or any set with the universal set is the universal set. Again our notation helps us to express this identity in a more compact format. For any set A and the universal set U, A ∠ª U U. Other Identities Involving the Union There are many more set identities that involve the use of the union operation. Of course, its always good to practice using the language of set theory. A few of the more important are stated below. For all sets A, and B and D we have: Reflexive Property: A ∠ª A ACommutative Property: A ∠ª B B ∠ª AAssociative Property: (A ∠ª B) ∠ª D A ∠ª (B ∠ª D)DeMorgan’s Law I: (A ∠© B)C AC ∠ª BCDeMorgan’s Law II: (A ∠ª B)C AC ∠© BC

Corporate Compliance Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Corporate Compliance Benchmarking - Essay Example B. In order to solve the problem, Toyota introduced new programs for minority employees and plant workers working with old equipment. Under this new arrangement, both the employees and Toyota benefited. The employees received flexible bonus incentives and were able to earn more than they did under previous pay scale (Toyota Home Page 2008).. Toyota, on the other hand, quit losing an estimated $5 million per year on the plant and has a new source from which to purchase roller bearings and help keep the other competitors' prices in line. All workers were proposed additional training in order to meet new standards and requirements. The advantage of this strategy is that Toyota focuses on employees' needs rather than organizational objectives (Kennedy-Glans and Schulz 2005). C. It took time to train minority workers and replaced old equipment in some plants, but this strategy allowed Toyota improved productivity and develop positive climate and morale. Employees felt they were valued by the company, and motivated by fair compensation. These tactics have been applied by top management equally against factory workers and middle management white collar workers. Today, companies strategy assist in making the business case and fixing the reward package. To operate without major disruptions, Toyota must be in compliance with legal requirements, international, federal, state, and local (Kennedy-Glans and Schulz 2005). Ford A. Ford was accused in unfair policies applied to women's compensation and benefits. A successful reward strategy encompasses much more than the compensation package, although that may be the key practical element in ensuring that the appointee, partner and family set off on the assignment with confidence and in a positive frame and is focused strongly on helping partners to resolve dual-career issues. The granting of staff status has been put into effect by a few progressive firms. Effective arguments supporting the issue appear to be pleas or threats to management that if they do not take appropriate action, then the federal government will step in and do it for them through some form of a new legislation. They also argue that business can either pay women an adequate wage or pay instead through welfare programs (Ford Home Page 2008). B. In order to solve the problem, Ford evaluated her abilities and education and came to conclusion that the African-American woman received low compensation because she lacked necessary skills and education for the position she occupied. In order to overcome such problems is future, Ford introduced infringed benefits for production workers (Ford Home Page 2008). The reality is that companies tend to have greater income security because performance evaluations usually are a rather modest determinant of their total compensation package. Also, Ford executives give much of the credit to the blue-collar worker and management and union leadership willingness to listen to them and to work with them in increasing productivity.C. As a result, the company improved its image and avoided legal responsibility. Also, the company introduced special benefits for women (and mothers in particular) including direct benefits: sick pay and